The role of lice in transmission of Salmonella.

Following World War I, louse-borne diseases reached epidemic proportions in Europe. Particularly in Russia, in the years 1920 lo 1922, when famine drove many people from tlie Volga region into Leningrad and other cities, relapsing fever and typhus became extremely prevalent. It was soon observed tliat many patients with relapsing fever developed an unusually severe disease, attended by high fatality, and leaving survivors with a multitude of complications including arthritis, osteomyelitis, gangrene, and abscesses in many organs. Early descriptions were published first in Russia and later in the German journals froni which (lie present account is taken. Iwaschenzoff1 and Kulescha and Titowa’2 were among the first to identify the severe cases \\ith a variety of paratyphoid infection which the former designated "N-Paral yphobaziJiosc." Among 167 cases of relapsing fever complicated by paratyphoid infection, lie